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Treaty of the Three Black Eagles
The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles (because all three signatories used a black eagle as a state symbol,〔Cierlińska, Hanna (1982) ''A Panorama of Polish History'' Interpress Publishers, Warsaw, Poland, page 73, ISBN 83-223-1997-5〕 in contrast to the white eagle, a symbol of Poland) or the Treaty of Berlin (where it was signed by Prussia), was a secret treaty between the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire and Prussia. Signed between Russia and Austria on 13 September 1732 and joined by Prussia on 13 December that year, it concerned the joint policy of those three powers in regard to the succession of the Polish throne in light of the expected death of the Augustus II of Poland (of the Saxon House of Wettin) and the Polish custom of royal elections. The three powers agreed that they would oppose another candidate from the House of Wettin, as well as the candidacy of the pro-French Pole Stanisław Leszczyński, father-in-law of Louis XV.〔Corwin, Edward Henry Lewinski (1917) ''The political History of Poland'' Polish Book Importing Company, New York, (page 286–288 ), 〕 Instead, they chose to support either Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, brother of the Portuguese king,〔Tuttle, Herbert and Adams, Herbert Baxter (1883) ''History of Prussia''. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, (pages 369–371 )〕 or a member of the Piast family.〔Gieysztor, Aleksander, ''et al.'' (1979) ''History of Poland'' PWN, Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, Poland, page 244, ISBN 83-01-00392-8〕
The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles had several goals. None of the three parties were serious about their support for the Portuguese count.〔Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1844) ''History of the eighteenth century and of the nineteenth till the overthrow of the French empire: Volume III'' Chapman and Hall, London, (page 294 ), 〕 The agreement had provisions for all three powers agreeing that it was in their best interest that their common neighbour, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not undertake any reforms that might strengthen it,〔Marácz, László Károly (1999) ''Expanding European unity: Central and Eastern Europe'' Rodopi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (page 134 ), ISBN 90-420-0455-X〕 and that its elected monarch should be friendly towards them.〔 In addition to the obvious - increasing the influence of the three powers over the Commonwealth - Austria and Russia also wanted to damage the possibility of a French-Prussian-Saxon alliance. Prussia received promises of support for its interests in Courland (now southern and western Latvia).〔
==Löwenwolde's Treaty==
The political situation changed rapidly, and the Treaty of the Three Black Eagles was superseded soon after it was formulated. With the death of Augustus II on 1 February 1733, Austria and Russia distanced themselves from the earlier treaty, in that it was never ratified by the Empress of Russia.〔 Their primary goal, disruption of the French-Saxon-Prussian alliance, had already been achieved, so they sought to secure support from various Polish and Saxon factions. Thus on 19 August 1733, Russia and Austria entered into the Löwenwolde's Treaty with Saxony in the person of the new Elector, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony. The treaty was named after one of the chief diplomats involved in the negotiations, Russian Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde.
The terms of Löwenwolde's Treaty were straightforward. Russia would provide troops to ensure Frederick Augustus's election and coronation, while Frederick Augustus would, as the Polish king: (1) recognize Anna Ivanovna as Empress of Russia; (2) relinquish Polish claims to Livonia; and (3) remain unopposed to Russian interests〔In effect support the rule of Ernest Biron, a Russian court favorite. Corwin, Edward Henry Lewinski (1917) ''The political History of Poland'' Polish Book Importing Company, New York, (page 288 ), 〕 in Courland.〔Ragsdale, Hugh (1993) ''Imperial Russian foreign policy'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, (page 32–33 ), ISBN 0-521-44229-X〕 Austria received a promise that as king, Frederick Augustus would renounce any claim to the Austrian succession and respect the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713.〔
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